【翻譯】在西班牙發現2200年前的護城河與漢尼拔相關文物

原文譯自http://www.ancient-origins.net/news-history-archaeology/2200-year-old-moat-artifacts-linked-hannibal-unearthed-spain-002637
其實這也不算大新聞，西班牙算是對漢尼拔戰爭的一系列古蹟很用心的，各地經常挖出一堆古物，例如前幾年Santo tome就有發現部分會戰遺跡，但因為西班牙的經濟問題，說好要蓋博物館，等到現在也沒影，總之是挖出來如果不是震驚世界的話通常是沒啥下文啦~

此處的關於漢尼拔講的不多也不是很細，本來想要逐段補充，但後來翻完一遍就覺得媽呀這簡略到可能補充還比正文長，所以就把相關書籍補充在最後，有興趣的人再自己去探索囉~

2,200-year-old moat with artifacts linked to Hannibal unearthed in Spain
在西班牙發現2200年前的護城河與漢尼拔相關文物。

Spanish university students trying to retrace Hannibal’s war march through northeastern Spain have found a huge buried moat with ancient objects in it. The moat may have been meant to protect the ancient Carthaginian warrior-leader’s troops who remained in Iberia. If the moat was defense works for Hannibal’s Iberian troops, it did little good: Romans defeated them after Hannibal departed in 218 B.C.
Hannibal left to attack the Roman Empire in Italy with as many as 90,000 infantry and 12,000 cavalry. He had with his army a famous elephant brigade of 80 or so pachyderms, most of which, scholars think, perished in the harsh mountain terrain between Spain and central Italy.

西班牙大學生試著追溯漢尼拔穿越北西班牙的行軍路線，並找到一個被埋藏的巨大護城河與古老的文物。護城可能是保護駐紮在伊比利亞半島的古迦太基軍隊，若此護城河是為了漢尼拔軍團做的防禦工程，那可能效用不高，在漢尼拔西元前218年離開後，羅馬軍就打敗他們了。

漢尼拔帶領9萬步兵、一萬兩千騎兵，以及他那被大部分學者認為喪生於嚴酷山地的著名象隊，前去攻擊義大利的羅馬帝國(註)。

此處應為誤植，當時羅馬仍是共和國。

Hannibal's route of invading Italy
漢尼拔入侵義大利的路線

Hannibal, who many years later committed suicide because the Romans finally caught up to him, left 11,000 troops near the town of Vilar de Valls to defend Carthaginian interested in Iberia.

在多年後因羅馬追捕而自殺的漢尼拔，在名為Vilar de Valls的城市附近留下11000人的軍團，保衛在伊比利亞的迦太基相關人士。

The moat measured up to 131 feet (40 meters) across, 16.4 feet (5 meters) deep and extended three-tenths of a mile (.5 kilometer).

護城河寬131英尺（40米），深16.4英尺（5米）延伸約3/10英里（0.5公里）。

The moat’s size surprised the directors of the dig, Jordi López of the Catalan Institute of Classic Archeology and Jaume Noguera of the Prehistory department at the University of Barcelona.

護城河的規模令挖掘負責人─加泰隆尼亞史前文化研究所的荷迪‧羅佩茲，和巴塞隆納大學史前文化學系的海梅‧諾格拉相當驚訝。

Archaeology students discovered the 2,200-year-old moat in what is now the Catalan town of Valls using electrical resistivity tomography to analyze subsurface structures. The objects showed presence of Hannibal in the area, said a story in TheLocal.es. Among the objects found were coins and lead projectiles.
Ancient coin showing Hannibal Barca. Students found coins and other objects in the ancient moat.

考古系的學生在加泰隆尼亞地區的Valls發現這個2200年的護城河，利用「地電阻影像剖面法」(electrical resistivity tomography)去分析地下結構。文物中發現了硬幣和彈丸，展現了漢尼拔此地的足跡。

Ancient coin showing Hannibal Barca. Students found coins and other objects in the ancient moat. (Wikimedia Commons)

古硬幣中可看到漢尼拔巴卡，學生們在古老的護城河中找到這些硬幣和其他物件。

"Roman legionnaires, led by general Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus, defeated Hannibal’s men in Iberia. After the battle, the Romans raided a nearby Carthaginian camp, located on the edge of a town, and destroyed everything," the story said. That town, scholars think, was Vilar de Valls, at the present-day town of Valls.
"Noguera and López said the site may have been destroyed by the Romans during the Second Punic War (218-202 BC) that pitted Rome against Carthage for the hegemony of the Mediterranean."

羅馬軍團由蓋烏斯‧西庇阿(Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus)(註)領導，在伊比利亞被漢尼拔的人所敗，在此戰役之後，羅馬人突襲了在迦太基基地附近的城鎮，並摧毀一切。這個城鎮學者認為就是Vilar de Valls，即現今的Valls。
Noguera 和 López表示此處可能在第二次布匿戰爭(218-202 BC)羅馬和迦太基的地中海爭霸中被羅馬人所摧毀。

(註) 蓋烏斯‧西庇阿(Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus)，老西庇阿的弟弟，日後打敗漢尼拔的大西庇阿的叔叔。這段奇怪的地方是當時領軍的是西庇阿兄弟倆人，但不知為何此處只有提到弟弟。

Hannibal’s father, Hamilcar Barca, the ruler of the North African city-state of Carthage, had his son at age 9 immerse his hand in blood and swear hatred against Rome. He brought his son at age 10 to Spain about 237 B.C., Hamilcar’s son-in-law succeeded him and made Hannibal an officer. When the son-in-law was assassinated, Hannibal was voted to lead the army. He consolidated control around Cartagena, Spain.

漢尼拔的父親，漢米爾‧巴卡，北非迦太基城邦的統治者(註)，在他兒子9歲時將他的手浸入鮮血中，並令他充滿仇恨地發誓要(永遠)對抗羅馬。在西元前237 年漢米爾帶著10歲的兒子前往西班牙，漢米爾的女婿繼承他的事業，並讓漢尼拔成為軍官，當這位女婿被暗殺，漢尼拔便被推舉為軍隊領袖，鞏固了迦太基在西班牙的控制。

迦太基不是王政制度是共和制，故漢米爾‧巴卡並非統治者，而是迦太基一著名貴族，因為第一次布匿戰爭的失敗被國內貴族鬥爭，故前往西班牙另闢新天地。

Hannibal attacked and besieged the Roman-allied city of Saguntum in 219 because its people had engaged in hostilities against Carthaginians in the area. Rome took this as an act of war and demanded Hannibal surrender. He refused and plotted the Second Punic War.

漢尼拔在西元前219年攻擊並包圍羅馬同盟城市薩貢托(Saguntum)，因為它參與了此地對抗迦太基人的軍事行動。羅馬視此為侵略行為，要求漢尼拔投降，但他拒絕了，自此點燃第二次迦太基戰爭的戰火。

History.com tells of Hannibal’s attack on Rome in 219:
The march that followed–which covered some 1,000 miles (1,600 kilometers) through the Pyrenees, across the Rhone River and the snowcapped Alps, and finally into central Italy–would be remembered as one of the most famous campaigns in history. With his forces depleted by the harsh Alpine crossing, Hannibal met the powerful army of the Roman general Publius Cornelius Scipio on the plains west of the Ticino River. Hannibal’s cavalry prevailed, and Scipio was seriously wounded in the battle.

漢尼拔的行軍路線橫跨1000英里(1600公里)，越過庇理牛斯山，跨過羅納河與白雪皚皚的阿爾卑斯山，最後到達義大利中部。
漢尼拔以經歷嚴酷的阿爾卑斯山而元氣大傷的軍團，在提契诺河西邊的平原應戰由老西庇阿(Publius Cornelius Scipio)(註)帶領的強悍羅馬軍，此戰漢尼拔的騎兵站了上風，而老西庇阿在此戰負傷。

Publius Cornelius Scipio，老西庇阿，是前述蓋烏斯‧西庇阿的哥哥，大西庇阿的父親。

In late 218, Hannibal and the Carthaginians defeated a Roman army on the left bank of the Trebia River. The Gauls and Ligurians became his allies in light of this. He advanced to the River Arno by spring 217 and won a battle at Lake Trasimene but declined to attack the city of Rome itself.

西元前218年底，漢尼拔和迦太基人在特雷比亞(Trebia River)河岸擊敗羅馬軍，在此大好情勢下，高盧和利古理亞人成了他的同盟。他在西元前217年春度過亞諾河，並在特拉希美湖(Trasimene)大勝，卻拒絕直接進攻羅馬城。

But the Romans and Carthaginians met the following year at Cannae. Sixteen Roman legions, at nearly 80,000 men twice the number of Hannibal’s forces, met the Carthaginians. Roman general Varro put his cavalry on either wing and massed his infantry in the center in classic military formation.

但在隔年，羅馬人與迦太基會於坎尼(Cannae)，16個羅馬軍團將近8萬人，數量是漢尼拔軍的2倍，羅馬將軍瓦羅使用古典戰法，將騎兵置於側翼，步兵集中在中央。

"Hannibal maintained a relatively weak center but strong infantry and cavalry forces at the flanks. When the Romans advanced, the Carthaginians were able to hold their center and win the struggle at the sides, enveloping the enemy and cutting off the possibility of retreat by sending a cavalry charge across the rear," History.com says.

漢尼拔保持著一個較弱的中央，但強化兩翼的的步兵和騎兵，當羅馬軍前進，迦太基軍能穩住中央並贏得側翼的戰鬥，包圍敵軍，並調度騎兵圍住後方切斷其退路。

More Roman colonies and allies defected to the Carthaginian side after this, but the Romans began to have some success, regaining ground by 209 in southern Italy and repelling Carthaginian reinforcements in 208 in northern Italy.

更多的羅馬殖民地和盟友在此役後投靠迦太基方，但羅馬人開始有了些成果，西元前209 年贏回義大利南部的土地，並在西元前208 年於義大利北部擊退迦太基增援。

The Romans drove the Carthaginians out of Spain and attacked Carthage itself in 203. Hannibal returned to North Africa to defend, but the Romans and Numidians defeated the Carthaginians at Zama. The Romans lost 1,500 men; Carthage, 20,000.

羅馬人驅逐迦太基人在西班牙的勢力後，在西元前203年攻擊迦太基本土，漢尼拔被迫回到北非防守，但羅馬和努米迪亞人在扎馬會戰(Zama)擊敗迦太基。羅馬損失1,500人; 迦太基則是20,000人。

Carthage lost its overseas empire, but Hannibal retained some power. Later the Romans learned he encouraged the Syrians to make war on Rome. Rome demanded his surrender. Hannibal then went to Bythinia, where he served the king in making war on a Roman ally, King Eumenes II of Pergamum. This war was unsuccessful. The Romans again asked for Hannibal, who was unable to escape this time. He killed himself with poison about 183 B.C.

迦太基失去其海外領土，但漢尼拔仍保留了實力。後來，羅馬人認知到他鼓吹敘利亞發動對羅馬的戰爭。羅馬要求他投降。漢尼拔逃往比提尼亞(Bythinia)，擔任比提尼亞國王對羅馬盟友─帕加馬國歐邁尼斯二世(Eumenes)戰爭參謀。這場戰爭失敗了。羅馬人再次要求交出漢尼拔，漢尼拔自覺此時已無法逃脫。在西元前183年服毒自殺。